MUGABE`S LARGESSE AND DOWNFALL
MUGABE would not have pursued land reform, but the issue was forced by land-hungry villagers from Nyamandlovu and Svosve who invaded farms in 1998. He would not have awarded war veterans any compensation had they not marched to State House in 1997. Even the indigenisation programme has been forced on him by the need to contain widespread discontent and stave off popular support for the MDC. In any case, the programmes he has implemented are largely elitist.
Although Mugabe has no largesse to give his allies, he has not displayed such practical solidarity in other ways with his allies, except when he needed support. Also instead of helping his own people, Mugabe has presided over economic collapse and political repression, leaving Zimbabwe a pariah and impoverished state. Endowed with vast mineral deposits, particularly diamonds and platinum, Zimbabwe under Mugabe has failed to achieve economic prosperity. Realizing his failures could result in him being voted out; he initiated a chaotic and violent land reform programme in which the political and business class emerged with the biggest spoils. The indigenisation programme is widely seen as an elite rent-seeking scheme.
Mugabe has apparently been reacting to events. His own history and actions also attest to a schizophrenic personality. While he likes posturing as a Marxist revolutionary, sometimes by only wearing Communist attire during elections and emitting searing populist rhetoric, some just know him as an educated man recognised for his Western suits, love for English cricket, tea and admiration for British royalty. Mugabe was for long content and not inclined to upset the applecart when it came to Western interests.
Most importantly, after Independence in 1980, apart from command economic and social services delivery approach, Mugabe did not seek to reform the settler colonial state structure in line with his party’s socialist and one-party state manifesto. He happily inherited colonial institutions, laws and even top individual officials and bureaucrats to run the state while he learned the ropes.
No one is opposed to the principle of indigenisation and its aims to eradicate poverty and suffering afflicting of most Zimbabweans. However, in expressing their well-founded reservations about Zimbabwe’s laws and policies for economic indigenisation, critics say such laws and policies not only violate property rights, but are also counterproductive in the extreme. Not only do these laws and policies discourage and alienate much-needed foreign direct investment (FDI) and investment by non-indigenous Zimbabwean residents, but have heretofore only been geared towards enriching the favoured, politically well-connected few.
The manner in which indigenisation has been carried out has intensified business closures and downsizing, fuelled unemployment within the formal sector, worsened widespread poverty, hardships and suffering that afflict most Zimbabweans. Moreover, those policies have effectively been a very major contributor to the withholding of critically-needed international lines of credit, and especially so because they run counter to many Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (Bippas) entered into between Zimbabwe and other countries.
Tragically, despite the extensive and authoritative advice given to government by many as to both the devastating effects and consequences of the existing legislation and the application thereof, and as to how constructive and beneficial indigenisation and economic empowerment could be achieved, the political hierarchy consistently and intentionally and obtusely disregards that advice and persist with their destructive policies. Moreover, they exacerbate and compound the damage done by those endlessly making inflammatory statements and demands, including frequent threats of reneging upon agreements that entered into with business parties which, despite the negatives of the policies, seek to be compliant therewith.
Recently there has been a very prime example of such threatened reneging of a lawfully and morally binding agreement; that of government’s intent to reject the agreement it had entered into with Zimbabwe’s largest and one of the world’s biggest platinum producers, Zimplats.
Having reached an approved and legal agreement, statements by President Robert Mugabe imply an intent to renege on that agreement. He apparently claims the agreement is illegal or invalid, in that it prescribes payment for shares acquired, or to be acquired, by the sovereign wealth fund, whereas that payment has already been effected by virtue of the mineral resources availed to Zimplats. That fuels a query as to how often must a mining enterprise pay for mineral resources?
At inception it has to obtain, against payment, the mining claims and attendant licenses. Thereafter, as it extracts the minerals, it has to pay royalties. Then, when it makes a profit from its operations, it is subjected to corporate tax. Thereafter, when it distributes any of such profits to shareholders, dividend withholding taxes are applied. In addition to all that, it is also subject to diverse indirect taxes, including value added tax (Vat) and customs duties, as well as periodic license renewal fees.
Although the threatened reneging on the agreement with Zimplats has not yet occurred, and that company has said it is interacting with government and seeking legal advice, nevertheless, it has intensified the distrust and concerns of the international community in general and of potential investors in particular. This is constraining attainment of any substantial economic recovery for the debilitated state of the economy, to an ever-intensifying extent since 1997, critically requires as one of the key components of recovery, very extensive investment. Such inflows are greatly needed to ensure a net favorable international trade balance, instead of imports vastly exceeding exports, with consequential negative effects upon diminishing Zimbabwe’s magnitude of international debt. Most of all, without investment, and without comprehensive business confidence in the future, Zimbabwe cannot create, and thereafter continue, needed formal sector employment.
Thus not only does Zimbabwe very urgently need to repeal the negative indigenisation legislative provisions, substituting therefore positive and constructive motivation and facilitation of wide-ranging (albeit progressive) economic empowerment, but to do so in a manner that encourages investment throughout the economic sectors, instead of deterring it. Key to so doing will be unequivocal investor security, with total observance of all fundamental provisions of property rights, inclusive of incontrovertible assurance of full compliance with Bippas. Also necessary are investor-conducive taxation legislation and incentives. Most essential of all is that government be completely transparent in honouring and complying with any and all agreements it enters into, and that such agreements be justifiable internationally in world-recognised, courts of law. In addition, government needs to facilitate, enable and motivate ready transition of enterprises from the informal to formal sector by removing many barriers to formal sector operations.
In reality, if Zimbabwe wishes its banks to have access to adequate international lines of credit for, and loans to, its banks, it has to ensure complete investor and lender confidence, and hence the mandatory indigenisation threshold in the financial sector should not be greater than 25%. Nevertheless, it must be hoped that the Presidential statement is a moderate move forward to a practical, realistic and effective policy regime for indigenisation and economic empowerment, and will lead to further policy changes, including withdrawal of any intents to nullify or breach agreements that government has entered into.
Failing a major transformation in the legislation, policies, and implementation and enforcement thereof, the Zimbabwean economy will continue struggling, and the circumstances of most of the populace, already horrendous, will decline from bad to worse!
Stanley Mauro Jensen
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